Risks of potentially devastating solar storms may be underestimated, warns Lancaster University and NASA study
Risks of potentially devastating solar storms may be underestimated, warns a new study co-authored by Lancaster University.
And the effects of such extreme space weather on life on Earth may be larger than previously thought, say scientists.
It is already known that solar storms can disrupt satellite operations, GPS navigation and high-frequency radio transmissions, as well as trigger vivid auroral displays visible far beyond polar regions.
Extreme geomagnetic storms are temporary disturbances in the plasma and magnetic field around the Earth.
They can also trigger extensive power outages, and even increase how much radiation astronauts and pilots are exposed to.
For decades, scientists have thought that there is an upper limit to how Earth responds to solar storms.
Electric currents in the Earth's upper atmosphere are widely understood to reach an upper limit with increasing solar wind strength.
But new research suggests the upper limit is an "illusion" resulting from uncertainty in the measurement of the solar wind strength.
The findings, published in the journal Nature, mean solar storms could have "far worse" effects on our technology than previously thought.
The study was led by Dr Nithin Sivadas, of NASA, and co-authored by Dr Maria Walach, from Lancaster University.
Dr Walach said: "Our planet's magnetic field does a really great job of protecting us against many space weather effects and so they often just show up as glitches or beautiful aurora.
"There are however extreme cases, where satellites unexpectedly fall back to Earth, or we lose communication and GPS signals."
She explained that the solar wind is a never-ending stream of hot gases flowing from the Sun, which can strengthen during solar eruptions.
Observations have suggested that, as the solar wind strengthens, electric currents in the Earth's upper atmosphere - which can affect satellites, communications, and navigation signals - increase to a certain point but then, on average, level off.
The team say this apparent limit is merely an effect of uncertainties in solar wind measurements.
They claim the issue is that most solar wind measurements of extreme events are taken by spacecraft at Lagrange point one, which is a million miles closer to the Sun than the Earth.
Hence the solar wind that strikes the Earth is likely weaker due to a regression to the mean effect.
Averaging observations from many events makes it look like strong solar winds do not produce equally strong currents because on average weaker solar winds arrive at Earth.
The team found evidence from more than a million solar wind measurements taken by Earth-orbiting NASA spacecraft, very close to our planet.
Analysis of the observations showed a direct relationship between the strength of the solar wind and the currents in the upper atmosphere, suggesting there is no upper limit but rather Earth's response will continue to increase along with the solar wind strength, and impacts to technology can increase as well.
Dr Walach said: "If there is no upper limit to our planet's response to the solar wind, modelling for extreme cases needs to take this into account and we should be vigilant of space weather effects.
"Fortunately, these very extreme cases are rare, but this also means we have limited data to work with and only time will tell what happens at the very extreme one-in-a-thousand-year kind of event."